1 Dilemmas in Defining the Threat 1 --
Need for a Definition 1 --
Terrorism and Political Protest 10 --
"Terrorism" versus "National Liberation" 12 --
Injury to "Innocents" 15 --
A Proposed Working Definition 16 --
2 Dilemmas in Defining Counter-Terrorism 25 --
Defining the Goals of Israel's War against Terrorism 27 --
Factors that Influence the Scope of Terrorism and Its Nature 28 --
Dominance of the Military Component in Counter-Terrorism Policy 38 --
Defining a Counter-Terrorism Policy 44 --
3 Intelligence Dilemmas in the War on Terrorism 47 --
Employing Human Intelligence Sources ("humint") 51 --
Intelligence Cooperation between Israel and the Palestinians during the 1990s 53 --
International Cooperation in the Intelligence Domain 57 --
Coordinating Intelligence and Operations 58 --
Decision Makers and Intelligence 61 --
4 Dilemmas in the Deterrence of Terrorists 63 --
Israel's Policy of Deterrence 70 --
Issue of the Rationality of Terrorist Organizations 74 --
Deterring Suicide Terrorists 76 --
Deterring State Sponsors of Terrorism 79 --
Defensive Deterrence 93 --
Drawing "Red Lines" with Regard to Terrorist Activity 94 --
Escalation and Efficiency of Terrorism as a Result of Deterrent Activity 95 --
5 Dilemmas Concerning Offensive and Defensive Counter-Terrorism Actions 101 --
Assessing the Effectiveness of an Offensive Action 101 --
Targeted Killing-The Normative-Moral Dilemma 112 --
Targeted Killing as a Component of Israel's Counter-Terrorism Policy 120 --
"The Boomerang Effect" 129 --
Timing Offensive Actions against Terrorism 135 --
Defensive Action in the War against Terrorism 141 --
6 Democratic Dilemmas in the War against Terrorism 147 --
Public Opinion in the Liberal Democracy 149 --
Limitations of Punishment 153 --
Value of Human Life 154 --
Governance Dilemma 154 --
Democratic-Intelligence Dilemma 158 --
Methods of Interrogating Terrorists-Example of a Democratic Dilemma in Counter-Terrorism 160 --
Offensive Democratic Dilemma 172 --
Defensive Democratic Dilemma 174 --
A Theoretical Model for Examining Democratic Dilemmas in Counter-Terrorism Activity 176 --
Summary and Recommendations 178 --
7 Dilemmas in Legislative and Punitive Policies 183 --
Forfeiture of Funds to Terrorist Organizations 190 --
Definite Anti-Terrorism Legislation 192 --
Emergency Anti-Terrorism Legislation 193 --
Outlawing Terrorist Organizations 194 --
Public Trial and Evidentiary Privilege 197 --
Prosecution of Those Suspected of Involvement in Terrorism 199 --
Summary of the Legislative Dilemmas 200 --
Types of Punishment for Terrorists 202 --
Collective Punishment 203 --
Administrative Punishment 213 --
8 Dilemmas Concerning Media Coverage of Terrorist Attacks 229 --
Media as Part of the Strategy of Terrorism 234 --
Journalist's Dilemma 236 --
Live Broadcast Dilemma 238 --
Media Coverage of Terrorist Attacks and Its Effect on the Broadcast Schedule 240 --
Interviewing Terrorists and Broadcasting Their Video Tapes 241 --
Media Response to Invitations from Terrorists 245 --
Censoring the Media while Covering Terrorism 246 --
9 Dilemmas in Coping with the Psychological-Morale Damage from Terrorism 251 --
Publicizing Intelligence Warnings Regarding a Potential Attack 258 --
Reinforcing the Public's Ability to Cope 260 --
Psychological Impact of Terrorism in Israel and Its Effect on Morale 262 --
Morale Component in Decision-Making 265 --
Using Offensive Means for Purposes of Morale 269 --
10 Dilemmas Concerning International Cooperation on Counter-Terrorism 273 --
Creating a Joint, Legal-Normative Platform to Combat Terrorism 278 --
Cooperation in Combating Terrorism 279 --
Establishing Joint International Counter-Terrorism Frameworks 282 --
Summary and Conclusions: Israel's Counter-Terrorism Strategy 287 --
Appendix A Conclusions of the "Shefayyim Conference" of The International Policy Institute for Counter-Terrorism 325 --
Appendix B Recommendations by Participants in the Conference on International Cooperation on Terrorism 329.
