1 Uncertainties of Global Biogeochemical Predictions / E. D. Schulze, D. S. S. Schimel 3 --
1.2 IGBP Transect Approach 3 --
1.3 Variability in Processes 6 --
1.4 Biome Approach and Functional Types 10 --
1.5 New Approaches to Functional Diversity 10 --
2 Uncertainties of Global Climate Predictions / L. Bengtsson 15 --
2.2 Observational Evidence 16 --
2.3 Physical Rationale 17 --
2.4 Response to Forcing of the Climate System 20 --
2.5 Results from Climate Change Prediction Experiments 23 --
3 Uncertainties in the Atmospheric Chemical System / G. P. Brasseur, E. A. H. Holland 31 --
3.2 Synthetic View of Chemical Processes in the Troposphere 32 --
3.4 Changes in the Chemical Composition of the Global Troposphere 34 --
4 Inferring Biogeochemical Sources and Sinks from Atmospheric Concentrations: General Consideration and Applications in Vegetation Canopies / M. Raupach 41 --
4.2 Scalar and Isotopic Molar Balances 43 --
4.3 Inverse Methods for Inferring Scalar Sources and Sinks in Canopies 47 --
4.4 Inverse Methods and Isotopes in Canopies 53 --
5 Biogeophysical Feedbacks and the Dynamics of Climate / M. Claussen 61 --
5.3 Multiple Equilibria 64 --
5.4 Transient Interaction 66 --
6 Land-Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions and Monsoon Climate Change: A Paleo-Perspective / J. E. Kutzbach, Michael T. Coe, S. P. Harrison, M. T. Coe 73 --
6.2 Response of the Monsoon to Orbital Forcing 75 --
6.3 Ocean Feedbacks on the Monsoon 76 --
6.4 Land-Surface Feedbacks on the Monsoon 77 --
6.5 Synergies between the Land, Ocean and Atmosphere 81 --
6.6 Role of Climate Variability 81 --
7 Paleobiogeochemistry, I. C. Prentice / D. Raynaud 87 --
7.4 Mineral Dust Aerosol 90 --
7.5 Scientific Challenges Posed by the Ice-Core Records 91 --
7.6 Towards an Integrated Research Strategy for Palaeobiogeochemistry 92 --
8 Should Phosphorus Availability Be Constraining Moist Tropical Forest Responses to Increasing CO[subscript 2] Concentrations? / J. Lloyd, M. I. Bird, E. M. Veenendaal, B. Kruijt --
8.2 Phosphorus in the Soils of the Moist Tropics 96 --
8.3 States and Fluxes of Phosphorus in Moist Tropical Forests 98 --
8.4 Linking the Phosphorus and Carbon Cycles 103 --
9 Trees in Grasslands: Biogeochemical Consequences of Woody Plant Expansion / S. Archer, T. W. Boutton, K. A. Hibbard 115 --
9.2 Woody Plant Encroachment in Grasslands and Savannas 116 --
9.3 La Copita Case Study 118 --
9.4 Degradation: Ecological Versus Socioeconomic 127 --
9.5 Implications for Ecosystem and Natural Resources Management 128 --
10 Biogeochemistry in the Arctic: Patterns, Processes and Controls / S. Jonasson, F.S. Chapin, III, G. R. Shaver --
10.2 Tundra Organic Matter 139 --
10.3 Tundra Nutrients 142 --
10.4 Biogeochemical Responses to Experimental Ecosystem Manipulations 145 --
11 Evaporation in the Boreal Zone During Summer
F. M. Kelliher, J. Lloyd, D. Rebmann, C. Wirth, E. D. Schulze, D. D. Baldocchi --
11.2 Climate and Soil Water 152 --
11.3 Evaporation Theory 156 --
11.4 Evaporation During Summer and Rainfall 158 --
11.5 Forest Evaporation, Tree Life Form and Nitrogen 160 --
12 Past and Future Forest Response to Rapid Climate Change / M. B. Davis 167 --
12.2 Long-Distance Dispersal 168 --
12.3 Estimating Jump Distances 170 --
12.4 Interactions with Resident Vegetation - Constraints on Establishment 171 --
12.5 Interactions with Resident Vegetation - Competition for Light and Resulting Constraints on Population Growth 172 --
13 Biogeochemical Models: Implicit vs. Explicit Microbiology / J. Schimel 177 --
13.2 Microbiology in Biogeochemical Models 177 --
13.3 Dealing with Microbial Diversity in Models 178 --
13.4 Kinetic Effects of Microbial Population Size 178 --
13.5 Microbial Recovery from Stress 180 --
14 Global Soil Organic Carbon Pool / M. I. Bird, H. Santruckova, J. Lloyd, E. M. Veenendaal 185 --
14.1 Introduction: the Soil Carbon Pool and Global Change 185 --
14.2 Factors Affecting the Distribution of Soil Organic Carbon 186 --
14.3 Global Variations in the SOC Pool 187 --
14.4 Limitations of Available Observational SOC Data 190 --
14.5 A Stratified Sampling Approach 191 --
14.6 Conclusions: Sandworld and Clayworld 197 --
15 Plant Compounds and Their Turnover and Stability as Soil Organic Matter / G. Gleixner, C. Czimczik, C. Kramer, B. M. Luhker, M. W. I. Schmidt --
15.2 Pathways of Soil Organic Matter Formation 201 --
15.3 Stabilization of Soil Organic Matter 208 --
15.4 Turnover of Soil Organic Matter 211 --
16 Input/Output Balances and Nitrogen Limitation in Terrestrial Ecosystems / P. M. Vitousek, C. B. Field 217 --
16.2 Long-term Nutrient Limitation 218 --
16.3 A Simple Model 219 --
16.4 Pathways of N Loss 219 --
16.5 Constraints to N Fixation 222 --
17 Interactions Between Hillslope Hydrochemistry, Nitrogen Dynamics and Plants in Fennoscandian Boreal Forest / P. Hogberg 227 --
17.2 A Historical Perspective 227 --
17.3 Nitrogen Supply and Forest Productivity in a Landscape Perspective: Hypotheses 228 --
17.4 Interactions Between Hydrochemistry, N Dynamics and Plants at Betsele - a Model System 230 --
17.5 Experimental Evidence 231 --
18 Cycle of Atmospheric Molecular Oxygen and its Isotopes / M. Heimann 235 --
18.2 Molecular Atmospheric Oxygen 235 --
18.3 Stable Isotopes of Oxygen 240 --
18.4 Integrative Research Approach 242 --
19 Constraining the Global Carbon Budget from Global to Regional Scales - the Measurement Challenge / R. J. Francey, P. J. Rayner, C. E. Allison 245 --
19.2 Present Status of Global C-Models 245 --
19.3 Global CO[subscript 2]-Measurements 247 --
19.4 Global CO[subscript 2]-Measuring Network 249 --
20 Carbon Isotope Discrimination of Terrestrial Ecosystems - How Well do Observed and Modeled Results Match? / N. Buchmann, J. O. Kaplan --
20.2 Experimental and Analytical Methods 253 --
20.3 Description of the Model 255 --
20.4 [superscript 13]C Signature of Ecosystem Respiration 255 --
20.5 Modeled Ecosystem Carbon Discrimination 256 --
20.6 Comparison of Observed and Modeled De Estimates 258 --
20.7 Ecophysiological Information of [Delta]e 261 --
21 Photosynthetic Pathways and Climate / J. R. Ehleringer, T. E. Cerling 267 --
21.2 A Physiological Basis for C3/C4 Plant Distributions 268 --
21.3 A Brief History of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Levels 268 --
21.4 Recognizing the Presence of C3 and C4 Ecosystems in the Paleorecord 269 --
21.5 Global Expansion of C4 Ecosystems 270 --
21.6 C3/C4 Dynamics During Glacial-Interglacial Periods 272 --
21.7 Photosynthetic Pathway Distribution in The Modern World 274 --
21.8 Photosynthetic Pathway Impacts Herbivores 274 --
22 Biological Diversity, Evolution and Biogeochemistry / H. A. Mooney 279 --
22.1 What Do We Have and What Are We Losing? 279 --
22.2 Do Species Losses Matter for Biogeochemical Cycling? 279 --
22.3 Kinds of Diversity 280 --
22.4 Evolution of Functional Diversity 281 --
22.6 Evolution of Polyphenolic Compounds 281 --
22.7 Build Up of Carbon and Evolution of Decomposers 282 --
22.8 Analysis of the Role of Diversity and Biogeochemistry 283 --
23 Atmospheric Perspectives on the Ocean Carbon Cycle / P. J. Rayner 285 --
23.2 Long-term Mean Ocean Uptake 285 --
23.3 Interannual Variability 290 --
24 International Instruments for the Protection of the Climate and Their National Implementation / R. Wolfrum 295 --
24.2 Commitments of States Parties Under the Climate Change Regime 295 --
24.3 Implementation Measures 297 --
24.4 Monitoring Compliance and Enforcement 299 --
24.5 Kyoto Protocol as a Learning Treaty 300 --
25 A New Tool to Characterizing and Managing Risks / O. Renn, A. Klinke, G. Busch, F. Beese, G. Lammel 303 --
25.2 Risk Evaluation and Risk Classification 304 --
25.3 Risk Management 306 --
25.4 Application to Environmental Risks of Substances 310 --
25.5 Some Conclusions for a Deliberative Process 314 --
26 Contrasting Approaches: The Ozone Layer, Climate Change and Resolving The Kyoto Dilemma / R. E. Benedick 317 --
26.1 Introduction: Apples and Oranges? 317 --
26.2 Montreal: An Unlikely Success Story 318 --
26.3 Lessons From The Ozone Layer 319 --
26.4 Climate Change: The Road to Rio 320 --
26.5 Framework Convention on Climate Change 321 --
26.6 Tortuous Targets in Kyoto 322 --
26.7 When Will the Kyoto Protocol Enter Into Force? 324 --
26.8 Unlearned Lessons 325 --
26.9 Time To Move on: A longer Term Perspective 326 --
26.10 A Technology-based Strategy For The Future: Eight Points For Action 328 --
27 Optimizing Long-Term Climate Management / K. Hasselmann 333 --
27.2 Global Environment and Society Models 333 --
27.3 Impulse-Response Climate Models 335 --
27.4 Optimizing CO2 Emissions 339.
