Philosophies of Wildlife Management 2 --
What Positive Values Are Provided by Wildlife? 5 --
What Is Wildlife Damage Management? 6 --
Why Worry about Human-Wildlife Conflicts? 8 --
Contributions of Wildlife Damage Management to the Larger Field of Wildlife Management 8 --
Alternative Definitions for Wildlife Damage Management 9 --
What Are the Necessary Ingredients for Damage by Wildlife? 12 --
Role of Government in Wildlife Management 13 --
Role of Government Wildlife Biologists 15 --
Prehistoric Wildlife Management 17 --
Wildlife Damage Management in the Ancient World 19 --
Wildlife Damage Management in Medieval Europe 20 --
Wildlife Management in Colonial America from 1620 to 1776 23 --
Wildlife Management in the U.S. from 1776 to 1880 26 --
Why the Closing of the Frontier and the Industrial Revolution Sparked a New Philosophy of Wildlife Management 27 --
Consequences of the World Wars and the Great Depression on Wildlife Management 30 --
Wildlife Management in Modern America 31 --
Wildlife Management in the 21st Century: What Now? 33 --
Chapter 3 Threats to Human Safety --
Why Do Animals Attack People? 40 --
How Often Are Humans Injured or Killed by Wildlife? 41 --
Attacks by Wolves and Coyotes 48 --
Attacks by Large Herbivores 51 --
Why Has There Been a Recent Increase in Wildlife Attacks on Humans in North America? 52 --
What Can Be Done to Reduce the Frequency of Wildlife Attacks on Humans? 53 --
Human Injuries and Fatalities from Ungulate-Automobile Collisions 54 --
Human Injuries and Fatalities from Bird-Aircraft Collisions 59 --
Economic Analyses of Wildlife Values 91 --
What Are the Sources of Economic Data about the Positive Values of Wildlife? 93 --
Why Is It Important to Have Accurate Economic Data about Losses from Wildlife Damage? 94 --
Measuring Wildlife Damage by Making a Direct Assessment of Losses 95 --
Assessing the Extent of Wildlife Damage by Surveying People 100 --
Lost Opportunity Costs 101 --
Economic Assessment of Wildlife Damage in the U.S. and Worldwide 101 --
Do High Levels of Wildlife Damage Mean that Wildlife Populations Are too High? 109 --
Wildlife Damage to Agricultural Production in Other Parts of the World 110 --
Chapter 6 Environmental Damage and Exotic Species --
What Is an Exotic Species? 129 --
Impacts of Exotic Species on the Native Biota 130 --
Resolving Environmental Problems Caused by Exotic Animals 136 --
Can We Predict when an Exotic Species Will Cause Environmental Damage? 141 --
Which Sites Are Vulnerable to Exotic Species? 143 --
Developing an Integrated Program to Stop the Spread of Exotics 144 --
Chapter 7 Lethal Control --
Intrinsic Growth Rates of Wildlife Populations 151 --
What Effect Does Lethal Control Have on a Wildlife Population's Birth and Mortality Rates? 153 --
What Effect Does Lethal Control Have on a Wildlife Population's Immigration Rate? 157 --
Is There a Correlation between Wildlife Population Levels and Wildlife Damage? 158 --
How Do Values Provided by Wildlife Change as Their Populations Increase? 159 --
Should Lethal Techniques Be Directed at Specific Individuals, Specific Subpopulations, or the Entire Population? 161 --
Are Lethal Methods Legal? 164 --
Are Lethal Methods Effective at Reducing Wildlife Damage? 165 --
Should Lethal Methods Be Used Ahead of Time to Prevent Wildlife Damage or Only after Damage Has Begun? 167 --
Are Lethal Techniques Cost Effective? 168 --
Do Lethal Techniques Pose a Risk to Nontarget Species? 170 --
Are Lethal Techniques Humane and Socially Acceptable? 173 --
Common Methods Used in Lethal Control 175 --
Chapter 8 Fertility Control --
Normal Reproductive Function 190 --
Mechanical and Surgical Techniques to Reduce Fertility 190 --
Reducing Fertility by Disrupting Endocrine Regulation 191 --
Immunocontraception 192 --
Administering Fertility Drugs to Animals 193 --
Controlling the Release of an Antifertility Drug to the Body 194 --
When Should We Use Contraception in Wildlife? 194 --
Uses of Contraception in Wildlife 196 --
Oiling, Addling, or Puncturing Eggs 201 --
Efforts in Austrlia to Resolve Human-Wildlife Conflicts Using Immunocontraceptives 202 --
What Are the Drawbacks to Wildlife Contraception? 204 --
Public Perceptions of Wildlife Fertility Control 204 --
Laws Governing the Use of Fertility Control to Manage Wildlife 205 --
Chapter 9 Wildlife Translocation --
Examples of the Use of Translocation to Resolve Wildlife Conflicts 211 --
Do Translocated Animals Return to the Site where They Were Captured? 212 --
Do New Animals Replace the Translocated Ones So That the Problem Persists? 215 --
Do Translocated Animals Create the Same Problem Elsewhere? 216 --
What Happens to Translocated Animals? 217 --
What Are the Consequences of Translocation on Resident Wildlife Populations? 220 --
Is Translocation Cost-Effective? 222 --
What Are Governmental Policies Concerning the Translocation of Nuisance Animals? 223 --
When Is Translocation Warranted? 224 --
Chapter 10 Fear-Provoking Stimuli --
Problem of Habituation 236 --
Can Habituation to Fear-Provoking Stimuli Be Delayed? 237 --
Using Live Predators as Fear-Provoking Stimuli 239 --
Using Guard Dogs as Fear-Provoking Stimuli 239 --
Hazing or Harassment 241 --
Chapter 11 Chemical Repellents --
How Plants Use Chemicals to Defend Themselves from Herbivores 249 --
Biological Basis of Food Preferences 250 --
Types of Repellents 253 --
Conditioned Food Aversions Based on Deception 258 --
Similarities between Batesian Mimicry and DBFA 259 --
Factors Influencing Repellent Effectiveness to Reduce Wildlife Damage 261 --
Laws Governing the Use of Vertebrate Repellents 262 --
Optimal Foraging Theory 272 --
Large Group Formation as an Antipredator Behavior
A Natural Form of Diversion
Examples of Diversion to Resolve Human-Wildlife Conflicts 274 --
Creating a Food Diversion through Habitat Modification 277 --
Response of Wildlife to Supplemental Food 278 --
Response of Wildlife to Diversion 279 --
Cost Effectiveness 280 --
What Type of Food or Crop Should Be Used in Diversion? 281 --
Where Should a Feeder Station or Diversion Crop Be Located? 282 --
Can Wildlife Damage and the Effectiveness of Diversion Be Predicted? 285 --
Which Are Better, Diversionary Crops or Feeder Stations? 286 --
Can Diversion Be Used with Other Techniques? 286 --
Factors Influencing the Cost Effectiveness of Fencing to Reduce Wildlife Damage 291 --
Fences to Exclude Deer 294 --
Using Fences to Reduce Predation on Livestock 300 --
Using Exclusion to Reduce Predation on Nesting Birds 301 --
Using Barriers to Protect Individual Trees from Herbivores 306 --
Exclusionary Devices to Prevent Beaver from Rebuilding Dams 309 --
Using a Trap-Barrier System to Reduce Rat Damage in Rice Fields 310 --
Using Exclusion to Solve Bird Damage 311 --
Excluding Wildlife from Buildings 314 --
Chapter 14 Habitat Manipulation --
Reducing Human-Wildlife Conflicts by Modifying the Resource 321 --
Reducing Human-Wildlife Conflicts by Modifying the Habitat around the Resource 330 --
Reducing Human-Wildlife Conflicts at the Landscape Level 334 --
Chapter 15 Human Dimensions --
Societal Responses to Wildlife Damage 348 --
Differences in Attitudes toward Wildlife 348 --
Stakeholder Perceptions of Wildlife Damage 350 --
Impact of Wildlife Damage on a Person's Attitudes toward Wildlife 357 --
Concept of Cultural Carrying Capacity 358 --
Why Is the Management of Human-Wildlife Conflicts So Controversial? 359 --
Making Policy Decisions Regarding Wildlife Damage Management 362 --
Forming Partnerships between Wildlife Agencies and People Suffering from Wildlife Damage 364 --
Resolving Human-Wildlife Conflicts through the Human Dimension 364 --
Are People's Perceptions about Wildlife Damage Accurate? 368 --
Chapter 16 Developing an Integrated Approach --
Reducing Blackbird Damage to Sunflowers 375 --
Reducing Bird Predation at Fish Farms 383 --
Protecting Ground-Nesting Birds from Mammalian Predators 390.