1 Achievements and Challenges 1 --
Core development challenge 1 --
2 Managing a Broader Portfolio of Assets 13 --
Measuring sustainability 15 --
Importance of a range of assets 18 --
Why the need to manage a broader portfolio of assets? 18 --
Tradeoffs and sustainable development 23 --
Some assets are overused or underprovided
Correcting the overuse or underprovision of important assets 31 --
3 Institutions for Sustainable Development 37 --
Institutions coordinating human behavior 38 --
Institutions protecting assets 41 --
Picking up signals, balancing interests, and implementing decisions 44 --
Overcoming barriers to coordination 47 --
Promoting inclusiveness 51 --
Catalysts for change 55 --
4 Improving Livelihoods on Fragile Lands 59 --
Inclusion, innovation, and migration 59 --
Managing fragile land to improve livelihoods 60 --
Nurturing assets by listening
and by enabling communities to act
Nurturing women's human capital 71 --
Building on traditional social capital 75 --
Use of nonrenewable local resources
Balancing interests among governments, companies, and communities 78 --
Partnering for change 81 --
5 Transforming Institutions on Agricultural Land 83 --
Land and water constraints 84 --
Eliminating rural poverty and preparing outmigrants 87 --
Intensifying the use of land 95 --
Intensifying the use of water 98 --
Getting ahead of the frontier 101 --
6 Getting the Best from Cities 107 --
City lights: beacons of hope and warning flares 108 --
Building informed constituencies to address spillovers and anticipate risks 114 --
Balancing interests to provide urban public goods 117 --
Inclusion and access to assets
challenging the institutional roots of urban slums
Institutions for sustainable urban development 126 --
7 Strengthening National Coordination 133 --
Promoting inclusiveness 134 --
Creating a sound investment climate 136 --
Managing the environment 140 --
Managing natural resources and using aid effectively 148 --
Averting violent conflict 153 --
8 Global Problems and Local Concerns 157 --
Designing institutions to solve global problems 157 --
Conserving biodiversity: maintaining current services and future options 163 --
Mitigating and adapting to risks of climate change 172 --
9 Pathways to a Sustainable Future 183 --
Ongoing dialogue: a global vision and accord 191 --
Ongoing dialogue: some open questions 196 --
Selected World Development Indicators 232 --
2.1 Not yet able to fully duplicate natural processes 15 --
2.2 Indicators for measuring sustainability
the cost of ignoring the role of an environmental asset
2.4 How keeping the option value of assets can make a serious difference 23 --
2.5 Catastrophic ecoshifts 23 --
2.6 Replacing natural assets with human-made assets can be costly 25 --
2.7 Perverse subsidies in India 29 --
2.8 World Development Report 1992: Development and the Environment 34 --
3.1 Market as a coordination mechanism 39 --
3.2 Assets, threats, and protection 42 --
3.3 Natural assets decline when protective institutions are weak 43 --
3.4 Democracy and environmental policy: picking up signals, shifting the balance 46 --
3.5 Local negotiations balance interests and commit parties to clean up Colombia's rivers 47 --
3.6 Policy accountability and accountable rulemaking 48 --
3.7 When protective institutions fail: the collapse of Enron and Newfoundland's cod fisheries 50 --
3.8 Fostering inclusiveness: South Africa's new democracy 51 --
3.9 Mutual reinforcement: environmental movements and democracy 52 --
3.10 Inequality: its long tails in the Americas 54 --
4.1 From degrading soils to degrading water
managing natural assets on the Southern Plains
4.2 Traditional knowledge and voice: sustaining livelihoods on the grasslands of the Sahel 66 --
4.3 Balancing public and private goods: biodiversity and coffee production in Chiapas 70 --
4.4 What worked then (Europe, 1900) is much harder now (developing countries, 2000) 72 --
4.5 Addressing risks, changing institutions, and reaching subsistence families in Tunisia 74 --
4.6 "Cultural translators" as catalysts to upgrade livelihoods in Ait Iktel, Morocco 75 --
4.7 Learning to balance interests: two big mines in the Andes 79 --
5.1 More food, greater intensity of land use, fewer farmers per urban resident 84 --
5.2 Poverty, equitable growth, and path dependency 89 --
5.3 Land distribution and path dependency 90 --
5.4 Breaking out through zais and tassas
low-input traditional technologies
5.5 Breaking out through fertilizer: the next green revolution? 91 --
5.6 Science, technology, and institutions to solve the challenge of nature: obsolete pesticide stockpiles in Africa 92 --
5.7 Precautionary principle 94 --
5.8 Institutional commitment and African agriculture: lessons from Asia and South America 97 --
5.9 Weakening the interest of landholders in unproductive land 98 --
and the displacement of the poor
5.11 Water parliaments in France 101 --
5.12 Amazon rancher's decision to deforest 103 --
5.13 Brazil: getting ahead of the frontier 104 --
6.1 Focus of "urban" in this chapter 108 --
6.2 How social networks help the urban poor manage risks and get ahead 110 --
6.3 Political reform and stakeholder alliances overturning pollution 116 --
6.4 Meeting environmental, social, and economic objectives through urban transport strategy in Bogota 120 --
6.5 Regularizing favelas in Brazil 124 --
6.6 How railway dwellers in Mumbai managed their own resettlement 125 --
6.7 Mexico City's search for metropolitan management arrangements 128 --
6.8 Leading the advance on urban settlement growth in Lima 130 --
7.1 Democracy, leadership, and decentralization in Latin America 135 --
7.2 Brazil: changing the rules of the game for better public services 136 --
7.3 Civil society and governance 138 --
7.4 National policy can generate excessive urban concentration 139 --
7.5 Perverse sugar subsidies in the United States 141 --
7.6 Perverse energy subsidies in the Islamic Republic of Iran 142 --
7.7 Aid and compensation to address obstacles to reform in the Russian Federation's coal sector 142 --
7.8 Cameroon: the path to improved forest governance 144 --
7.9 Partnership for sustainable fisheries 146 --
7.10 Malaysia: ethnic diversity, conflict resolution, and development 152 --
7.11 Improving the process: the Chad-Cameroon Pipeline Project 154 --
8.1 An adaptive, learning institution 160 --
8.2 "Coupling institutions" and policy entrepreneurs in Costa Rica and Bolivia 161 --
8.3 Poverty and biodiversity in Madagascar 165 --
8.4 Nile Basin Initiative 169 --
8.5 Costa Rica's program of payment for environmental services 172 --
8.6 Municipal incentives for conservation 173 --
8.7 Tradable forest obligations efficiently meeting conservation goals 173 --
8.8 Prototype Carbon Fund and the carbon market 178 --
9.1 Think spatially 186 --
9.2 Problem solving by think-and-do tanks 189 --
to address spillovers and seize opportunities
9.4 Millennium Development Goals (1990-2015) 193 --
9.5 Outcome of the International Conference on Financing for Development, Monterrey, Mexico 193 --
1.1 Global population approaching stability 4 --
1.2 Some regions growing fast, others stable 5 --
1.3 Dependency ratios on the decline
2.1 Adjusted net savings rates by per capita GDP level, 1999 18 --
2.2 How society's assets enhance human well-being 19 --
2.3 Very different environmental outcomes with the same growth rates 26 --
2.4 Reducing emissions in Mexico City 31 --
2.5 Mechanisms to address market and policy failures 33 --
3.1 Social norms, rules, and organizations for coordinating human behavior 38 --
3.2 Growing participation in civil society organizations, 1981-97 40 --
3.3 Relationship between institutional quality and national income 43 --
3.4 Concentration of dust particles 45 --
3.5 More mayors in Latin America are elected locally
by citizens or by elected city councils
4.1 Rural population growth rate relative to share of total population on fragile land 61 --
4.2 Arid lands of the world 63 --
4.3 Rainfall in the Sahel, 1950-2000 65 --
4.4 Mountainous areas of the world 69 --
5.1 Regional variations in land scarcity 86 --
5.2 Regional variations in water scarcity 88 --
6.1 Many developing countries are undergoing urban transition with relatively high urban population growth rates 113 --
6.2 Poverty in Cali, Colombia: 1999 headcount rates 121 --
6.3 High inequality in health outcomes in urban areas 122 --
7.1 Lead in gasoline and in blood in the United States, 1975-90 147 --
7.2 Unsustained growth performance is closely associated with point-source natural resources, and conflict 149 --
7.3 Angola: real GDP per capita, 1960-96 150 --
8.1 Current land use in closed canopy forest deforested in 1990-2000 166 --
8.2 Fossil fuel-intensive and climate-friendly scenarios, 1990-2100 175 --
2.1 Toward adjusted net savings, 1999 17 --
2.2 Examples of types of externalities addressed in each spatial arena 28 --
2.3 Benefits of full-cost energy pricing 30 --
4.1 Environmental fragility in developing countries 60 --
4.2 Regional distribution of people living on fragile land 61 --
4.3 Share of population on fragile land, countries in conflict, and rural population growth 62 --
5.1 Capacity of institutions to sense problems, balance interests, and implement solutions 96 --
6.1 Urban environmental issues and status by level of city development 112 --
6.2 Environmental health, welfare, and living conditions vary by city product 113 --
7.1 Civil conflict and reported homicides 155.
